మన తోటలోనో, పొలంలోనో పెరిగే మొక్కలు అవే స్వయంగా వాటిలో కలిగే మార్పులను గురించి మనకు తెలియజేస్తే ఎలా ఉంటుంది? తనలో విషపూరితమైన మిశ్రమాలు కలుస్తున్నాయన్న సంగతిని ఆ మొక్కే మనకు ఈమెయిల్ చేస్తేనో, ఎస్ఎంఎస్ చేస్తేనో ఎంత బాగుంటుందీ? ఐడియా అదిరిపోయింది కదూ! ఇది ఏ మాత్రం కల్పన కాదు, ఇక అలాంటి టెక్నాలజీ కూడా వచ్చేస్తోంది. అవును. మొక్కల ఆకులలో అమర్చే nanobionic optical sensor పరికరాలు విషపూరితమైన లోహాలను ఎప్పటికప్పుడు గుర్తించగలిగి మనకు స్మార్ట్‌గా సమాచారం అందిస్తాయి. ఎంతో ఆసక్తికరమైన ఈ సరికొత్త టెక్నాలజీ గురించి ఇప్పుడు తెలుసుకుందాం.
సింగపూర్-MIT అలయన్స్ ఫర్ రీసెర్చ్ అండ్ టెక్నాలజీ (SMART) లోని డిస్ట్రప్టివ్ అండ్ సస్టైనబుల్ టెక్నాలజీస్ ఫర్ అగ్రికల్చరల్ ప్రెసిషన్ (డిస్టాప్) పరిశోధనా బృందానికి చెందిన శాస్త్రవేత్తలు మొక్కల్లోని ఆర్సెనిక్‌ను నానో సెన్సార్లతో గుర్తించగల ఒక కొత్త రకం ఇంజనీరింగ్‌ను అభివృద్ధి పరచారు. రియల్ టైమ్‌లో భూగర్భ వాతావరణంలోని అత్యంత విషపూరితమైన హెవీ మెటల్ ఆర్సెనిక్ స్థాయులను ఇది సూచిస్తుంది. ఆహార ఆరోగ్య భద్రతను కాపాడటంతో పాటు పర్యావరణ పర్యవేక్షణకు ఇది ఎంతో ఉపకరిస్తుందని భావిస్తున్నారు.
“ప్లాంట్ నానోబయోనిక్ సెన్సార్స్ ఫర్ ఆర్సెనిక్ డిటెక్షన్” (Plant Nanobionic Sensors for Arsenic Detection) శీర్షికతో ఇటీవల Advanced Materials లో ప్రచురితమైన రీసెర్చ్ పేపర్‌ ఈ కొత్త విధానం గురించి వివరించింది. Massachusetts Institute of Technologyకి చెందిన Tedrick Thomas Salim Lew ఈ అధ్యయన పత్రాన్ని వెలువరించారు. MIT professor Michael S. Strano ఈ పరిశోధనను పర్యవేక్షించారు. Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) అనే పరిశోధన సంస్థ తరఫున ఈ అధ్యయనాన్ని నిర్వహించారు. Disruptive and Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision (DiSTAP) అధ్యయన బృందం పర్యవేక్షణలో పరిశోధన సాగింది.

ఆర్సెనిక్ అంటే ఏమిటి?

ఇటీవలికాలంలో బియ్యం, కూరగాయలు, ఆకుకూరలు, తేయాకు, పొగాకు వంటి అనేక సాధారణ వ్యవసాయ ఉత్పత్తులు ఆర్సెనిక్ లోహాల మూలంగా కలుషితం అవుతున్నాయి. ఆర్సెనిక్ అంటే విషపూరితమైన లోహమిశ్రమం అని అర్థం. రాగి, సీసం, పాదరసం వంటివి ఆర్సెనిక్ కోవలోకి వస్తాయి. ఆర్సెనిక్‌లో ఆర్గానిక్, ఇన్ ఆర్గానిక్ వంటి భేదాలు కూడా ఉంటాయి. carbon ఇన్ ఆర్గానిక్ కోవలోకి వస్తుంది. మనం కలుపు నివారణకు వాడే మందుల్లో ఆర్సెనిక్ ఉంటుంది. పలు పరిశ్రమల నుండి వెలువడే వ్యర్థాల్లోనూ ఆర్సెనిక్ ఉంటుంది. 60 ppm (per million parts) మోతాదు కంటే మించిన ఆర్సెనిక్ విషపూరితమవుతుంది. ఇలాంటి ఆర్సెనిక్ సమ్మేళనాలు మానవులకు, పర్యావరణ వ్యవస్థలకు తీవ్రమైన ముప్పు కలిగిస్తాయి. మనం ఆర్సెనిక్‌కు దీర్ఘకాలికంగా గురికావడం వల్ల గుండెపోటు, మధుమేహం, జననలోపాలు, మూత్రాశయం, ఊపిరితిత్తులతో సహా అనేక క్యాన్సర్లు, హృదయ సంబంధ పలు వ్యాధులు ప్రబలుతున్నాయి. మైనింగ్, స్మెల్టింగ్ వంటి మానవ కార్యకలాపాల ఫలితంగా మట్టిలో ఆర్సెనిక్ పరిమాణాలు పెరగుతున్నాయి. ఇది మొక్కల ఎదుగుదలపై ప్రతికూల ప్రభావం చూపుతోంది. ఫలితంగా భారీ పంటనష్టాలకూ ఇది కారణమవుతోంది.
ఆహార పంటలు నేల నుండి ఆర్సెనిక్‌ను గ్రహిస్తాయి. ఇది ఆహారం కలుషితం కావడానికి, మానవులు తినే ఉత్పత్తులు విషపూరితం కావడానికి దారితీస్తుంది. భూగర్భ వాతావరణంలో ఉండే ఆర్సెనిక్ భూగర్భజలాలను కూడా కలుషితం చేస్తుంది. వీటి వినియోగం దీర్ఘకాలంలో తీవ్రమైన ఆరోగ్య సమస్యలకు దారితీస్తుంది. అందువల్ల, వ్యవసాయంలో పర్యావరణ భద్రత కోసం కచ్చితమైన, సమర్థవంతమైన, సులభమైన ఆర్సెనిక్ సెన్సార్లను అభివృద్ధి చేయడం చాలా అవసరం.
ఇప్పుడు డెవలప్ చేసిన ఆప్టికల్ నానోసెన్సర్లు ఆర్సెనిక్‌ను పసిగట్టిన తర్వాత వాటి ఫ్లోరోసెన్స్ తీవ్రతలో మార్పుల ద్వారా దాన్ని సూచిస్తాయి. అలా మొక్కల్లో తటస్ఠించిన లేదా తటస్ఠిస్తున్న మార్పులను గురించి వెంటనే మనం తెలుసుకోవచ్చు. మొక్కల కణజాలాలలో పొందుపరచబడి, మొక్కపై ఎటువంటి హానికరమైన ప్రభావాలు లేకుండా ఈ సెన్సార్లు పని చేస్తాయి. నేల నుండి మొక్కలు తీసుకున్న ఆర్సెనిక్ అంతర్గత గతిశీలతను పర్యవేక్షించడానికి ఇవి తోడ్పడతాయి. మొక్కలలో పొందుపరచే ఆప్టికల్ నానోసెన్సర్‌లు మొక్కలను ఆర్సెనిక్ డిటెక్టర్లుగా మార్చేస్తాయి. ఈ సెన్సార్ల ద్వారా స్మార్ట్‌ఫోన్లకి మెసేజ్‌లు పంపేందుకు వీలు కలుగుతుంది. ముందుముందు మొక్కలు వాయిస్ మెసేజ్‌ల రూపంలో కూడా మనకు సందేశాలు పంపవచ్చు. ప్రస్తుత సాంప్రదాయిక పద్ధతుల్లోనేతే ఇలా మొక్కల్లోని ఆర్సెనిక్ పదార్థాలను గుర్తించడానికి చాలా సమయం పడుతుంది. కాగా, ఇప్పుడు అభివృద్ధి పరచిన ఇంటెన్సివ్ ఆర్సెనిక్ నమూనా పద్ధతులు సులువుగా మొక్కల్లోని హానికారక పదార్థాలను కనిపెట్టి మనల్ని హెచ్చరిస్తాయి.

వరిలోనే ఎక్కువ ఆర్సెనిక్ మిశ్రమాలు…

ఈ మొక్కల నానోసెన్సర్ ఈ రకమైన సెన్సార్లలో మొట్ట మొదటిది. నేల దిగువన భూవాతావరణంలో ఆర్సెనిక్ స్థాయులను కొలిచే సాంప్రదాయిక పద్ధతులతో పోల్చితే ఈ సెన్సార్లు ఎక్కువ ప్రయోజనకరమైనవి. పైగా ఇవి తక్కువ సమయం తీసుకుంటాయి. వీటిలో మానవ ప్రమేయం ఉండదు. ఈ ఆవిష్కరణ వ్యవసాయంలో మున్ముందు గొప్ప మార్పులను తెస్తుందని భావిస్తున్నారు.
ఈ పరిశోధక బృందం సరికొత్త నానోసెన్సార్ల సహాయంతో వరి, బచ్చలి వంటి వాటిలో ఆర్సెనిక్‌ను విజయవంతంగా గుర్తించింది. నిజానికి వరిలోనే ఎక్కువగా ఆర్సనిక్ మిశ్రమాలు ఉంటున్నాయి. అలాగే ఫెర్న్ జాతి మొక్కలపై కూడా ఈ బృందం ప్రయోగాలు చేసింది. ఇవి సాధారణంగా ఆర్సెనిక్‌ను చాలా ఎక్కువ మోతాదులో తీసుకుంటాయి. ఈ ఫెర్న్ జాతులు ఎలాంటి హానికరమైన ప్రభావం లేకుండా అధిక స్థాయిలో ఆర్సెనిక్‌ను గ్రహించగలుగుతాయి. తట్టుకోగలుగుతాయి కూడా. కాగా, ఇంజనీరింగ్ అల్ట్రాసెన్సిటివ్ ప్లాంట్-బేస్డ్ ఆర్సెనిక్ డిటెక్టర్, ఆర్సెనిక్ తక్కువ సాంద్రతలను (0.2 parts per billion) సైతం గుర్తించగల సామర్థ్యం కలిగి ఉంటుంది. అదే సంప్రదాయ పద్ధతుల్లోనైతే వాటి సామర్ధ్యం 10 parts per billion గా ఉంటుంది.
ఆర్సెనిక్ స్థాయులను కొలిచే సాంప్రదాయిక పద్ధతుల్లో మాస్ స్పెక్ట్రోమెట్రీని ఉపయోగిస్తారు. మొక్కల కణజాల జీర్ణ క్రియను, క్షేత్ర నమూనాలను విశ్లేషించి ఆర్సెనిక్ స్థాయులను ఇది నిర్ధారిస్తుంది. ఈ పద్ధతులు చాలా సమయం తీసుకుంటాయి. అంతేకాదు, ఈ పద్ధతిలో చాలా నమూనాలను సేకరించవలసి ఉంటుంది. వీటికి ఖరీదైన పరికరాలు అవసరమవుతాయి. కానీ కొత్త విధానం నానోపార్టికల్ సెన్సార్ల సహాయంతో వేర్ల ద్వారా ఆర్సనిక్ మోతాదుల వివరాలను సంగ్రహించి తెలియజేస్తుంది. స్మార్ట్‌ఫోన్ కెమెరా వంటి డివైజ్‌తో కూడిన పోర్టబుల్ Raspberry Pi ప్లాట్‌ఫామ్ వంటి చవకైన ఎలక్ట్రానిక్స్‌సహాయంతో ఇది పని చేస్తుంది. రియల్ టైమ్‌లో మొక్కలలో ఆర్సెనిక్‌ను సులువుగా గుర్తించేందుకు ఇది వీలుకల్పస్తుంది.
MIT, TTL, నాన్యాంగ్ టెక్నలాజికల్ విశ్వవిద్యాలయం, నేషనల్ యూనివర్శిటీ ఆఫ్ సింగపూర్ శాస్త్రవేత్తల సహకారంతో ఈ కొత్త పరికరాలను అభివృద్ధి చేస్తున్నారు.
మొక్కలకు ఈ నానోసెన్సార్లను అమర్చడం ద్వారా ఆర్సెనిక్ స్థాయిని మనం తెలుసుకుంటే ఏమిటి ప్రయోజనం? ఆర్సెనిక్ లోహాలు అధికంగా కనుక మొక్కల్లో ఉంటే అక్కడి నేల లేదా నీరు విషపూరితమైనట్లు మనం గుర్తించగలుగుతాం. అలాగే ఎక్కువ ఆర్సెనిక్ లోహాలను గ్రహించని మొక్కలను అక్కడ పెంచగలిగే వీలుంటుంది. నేలలో ఆర్సెనిక్ పదార్థాల నివారణకు తగిన చర్యలు చేపట్టవచ్చు. మోతాదుకు మించి ఆర్సెనిక్ లోహాలు కలిగి ఉండే ఆహార పంటలను మనం గుర్తించగలుగుతాము. మొత్తం మీద ఇకపై మొక్కలే ఆర్సెనిక్ డిటెక్టర్లుగా పని చేయబోతున్నాయి. ఇది వ్యవసాయ పరిశోధనల్లో నిస్సందేహంగా ఒక గొప్ప ముందడుగు.

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